撰文:幼兒教育專家陳陳淑安
有些孩子上幼稚園,甚至5、6歲時仍有吸吮手指的習慣。根據李維大偉 (David Levy) 博士的研究,在 10 分鐘內就把一瓶牛奶吃完的孩子(可能因為瓶頭孔較大),比在 20 分鐘內吃完整瓶奶的孩子,容易有吸吮指頭的行為。李博士又曾試驗用滴筒餵小狗,使牠們在吃奶的時候沒有機會吸吮,結果牠們的反應,是彼此吸吮自己或別的小狗的皮,有些吸吮得十分厲害,連皮都脫掉。由此我們可以知道嬰兒最初數月吸吮指頭的行為,是因為得不到吸吮的滿足所致,是一種需要,並不是與生俱來,也不是壞行為。
為甚麼孩子會有吸吮手指的習慣?
餵哺母乳 增進親子感情
母親能親自哺乳,嬰兒是最幸福的,因為嬰兒不但得到適當的營養,與母親肌膚接觸得到溫暖安全感,而且由於吸吮著柔軟的乳頭,除了得到溫飽外,還享受著母子心靈上的溝通,這種深厚的愛,骨肉的親情與吃著冷冰冰的奶瓶,是不能相提並論的,何況嬰兒在吸吮得到無上的滿足感。
但是,母親大多外出工作,加上種種原因,不得不用奶瓶餵孩子時,應特別注意餵奶的次數和所費的時間。母親應平心靜氣地讓孩子慢慢吃,特別注意奶嘴洞眼的大小,孩子得到吸吮的滿足,才不致容易發生吸吮手指的習慣,嬰兒喜歡吮手指起自無意識的,他的小指在挪動著,無意地放進嘴裡,感到愉快滿足而吸吮起來。
Written by: Ms. Chan-Chen Shu-an, Early Childhood Education Specialist
Some children still have the habit of sucking their fingers even when they enter kindergarten, or even at ages 5 or 6. According to Dr. David Levy’s research, children who finish a bottle of milk in 10 minutes (possibly due to a larger bottle nipple hole) are more likely to develop the habit of sucking their fingers, compared to children who finish the entire bottle in 20 minutes. Dr. Levy also experimented by feeding puppies with a dropper, so they didn’t have a chance to suck while drinking milk. The result was that the puppies reacted by sucking each other’s or their own skin, and some even peeled off the skin through excessive sucking. From this, we can understand that the behavior of infants sucking their fingers in the first few months is due to the lack of satisfaction from sucking, it is a need, and not an innate or bad behavior.
Why do children develop the habit of sucking their fingers?
Breastfeeding Promotes Parent-Child Bonding
When a mother can breastfeed her baby, the infant is the happiest, because not only does the baby receive proper nutrition, but also the skin-to-skin contact provides warmth and a sense of security. Moreover, by sucking on the soft nipple, in addition to getting fed, the baby also enjoys the communication and deep love between mother and child. This profound affection and intimacy is incomparable to being fed by a cold bottle. The baby also experiences an unparalleled sense of fulfillment from the sucking.
However, as most mothers have to work outside the home, and for various other reasons, they have to use bottles to feed their children. In these cases, parents should pay special attention to the frequency and time taken for bottle-feeding. Mothers should calmly let the child eat slowly, and pay particular attention to the size of the bottle nipple hole. If the baby’s sucking needs are adequately met, they are less likely to develop the habit of sucking their fingers. Babies tend to start finger-sucking unconsciously – their little fingers move around and end up in their mouth, and they find pleasure and satisfaction in sucking on them.
發洩心理緊張
可是到了4、5 歲時仍不斷吸吮指頭,那意義就不同了,這可能是一種心理緊張的發洩。例如:因父母不和,使孩子感到焦慮;因為有了一個新的弟妹,怕失去了父母親的愛;因為父母太忙,無瑕照顧他們而感到孤寂,沒有家庭的溫暖;又或者因為孩子太早被送往幼稚園,得不到適當的照顧而缺乏安全感。這些導致孩子焦慮、不安、緊張、惶恐都是心理緊張的成因。
孩子與成人一樣,心理緊張時需要發洩,這本是很自然的現象,成人為減輕心理緊張,往往用抽煙來鬆弛自己。孩子會用吮手指,或搖晃來發洩情緒緊張。在這情況下,為人父母者,除了要注意改善對孩子的態度外,應額外有耐心,應保持平和、慈祥的心態,使孩子感到放鬆沒壓力,反之父母表現擔憂、緊張甚或急於糾正而責罵,綁手指、塗苦藥等,只會弄巧反拙,增加孩子的不安,自己想改掉又不能自制,變成惡性循環,延長了吸吮手指的習慣。
Venting Psychological Stress
However, if the habit of thumb-sucking persists even at the age of 4-5 years old, the meaning is different. This could be a way to vent psychological stress. For example: due to conflicts between parents, the child feels anxious; because of a new sibling, the child fears losing parental love; because parents are too busy and unable to take care of them, the child feels lonely and lacks the warmth of a family; or the child was sent to kindergarten too early and lacks proper care, resulting in a lack of a sense of security. These factors can lead the child to feel anxiety, uneasiness, tension, and panic, which are all causes of psychological stress.
Just like adults, when children experience psychological stress, they need to vent it, which is a very natural phenomenon. Adults often use smoking to relax themselves. Children may use thumb-sucking or rocking to vent their emotional tension. In this case, as parents, in addition to paying attention to improving their attitude towards the child, they should also have extra patience. They should maintain a calm and kind attitude, so that the child can feel relaxed and not under pressure. If the parents show worry, tension or are hasty in correcting the behavior, such as tying the hands or applying bitter medicine, it will only backfire and increase the child’s insecurity. The child wants to stop the habit but cannot control it, creating a vicious cycle that prolongs the thumb-sucking habit.
家長可以怎麼辦?
1.盡量用母乳餵哺,這是最自然、最適合嬰兒的哺乳方法,養成吸吮手指習慣的機會亦較少。
2.家長用奶樽餵奶時,應特別注意餵奶的時間,能保持 15 至 20 分鐘是比較理想的。
3.用玩具和洋娃娃等,與孩子多做手指的活動,以便轉移孩子吸吮的習慣。
4.多接近孩子,一起玩耍、說故事和唱兒歌等,使孩子不致感到寂寞和無聊而吸吮手指。
5.孩子吸吮得厲害時,父母仍應有耐性,保持安祥和不緊張的態度,有時不理會和不提點孩子,吸吮手指的現象反而自然地消失。
6.如果孩子在 6 歲前已有吸吮手指習慣多年,自然會逐漸消失,尤其是當孩子白天不再吮手指,只有睡覺時才吮,這就表示已是尾聲了。父母應耐心等待,急於糾正是不生效的。特別是當孩子上幼稚園後,往往因不願在其他朋輩面前吸吮手指,又或者在學校忙於其他活動,吸吮手指的習慣會無形消失。
7.吸吮後的手指會有難聞的氣味,如果 5 至 6 歲的孩子仍有吸吮習慣,可試試讓他嗅嗅難聞的氣味,可能因而糾正不良習慣。
What can parents do?
1. Breastfeed as much as possible, as this is the
most natural and suitable feeding method for infants, and it reduces the
chances of the child developing a thumb-sucking habit.
2. When using a bottle to feed the child, parents should pay special attention to the feeding time, and aim to maintain the feeding for 15 to 20 minutes, which is relatively ideal.
3. Use toys and dolls to engage the child in finger activities, in order to divert the child’s habit of thumb-sucking.
4. Spend more time with the child, playing together, telling stories, and singing children’s songs, so that the child does not feel lonely and bored, and thus less inclined to suck their thumb.
5. When the child sucks their thumb excessively, parents should still be patient and maintain a calm and relaxed attitude. Sometimes, ignoring the behavior and not drawing attention to it can naturally lead to the disappearance of the thumb-sucking habit.
6. If the child has had a thumb-sucking habit for many years before the age of 6, it will gradually disappear, especially when the child no longer sucks their thumb during the day, but only while sleeping. Parents should be patient and wait, as rushing to correct the habit is ineffective. Particularly after the child starts kindergarten, the habit may disappear naturally, as the child may not want to suck their thumb in front of their peers, or they are too busy with other activities at school.
7. Sucked fingers can have an unpleasant odor. If a child aged 5-6 still has the thumb-sucking habit, parents can try having the child smell the unpleasant odor, which may help correct this bad habit.